As for what makes Astro look more mature, in the manga itself it was partly his stature and bearing. In both the manga and this little collectors' card, it's the eyebrows.

It's too bad that no one can find more of that Mars postcard; I hadn't even known that a version like that had been made! Of course, I didn't know about the Return of Atom look either, until I found it by accident in an image search! (I can't remember my search terms for the life of me; I feel like it was when I looked up Jetter Mars in Japanese, though. Found some other cool stuff, too.)